HIV in Singapore

To extend the impact of our effort to curb the spread of HIV, we propose to continue and improve on our outreach effort targeted at the Chinese speaking Geylang crowd, and to initiate a campaign targeted at youths. The main objective of both efforts would be to encourage condom use and promote HIV testing as means to prevent the spread of HIV. On top of having both campaigns, we would like to propose making HIV testing more convenient by assisting with the implementation of a Mobile HIV Testing Van (MTV) service. Continuing and Improving Current Efforts to Reach Out to the Chinese Speaking Geylang Crowd 1. Printing more Pamphlets Having conducted an outreach event at Geylang, we found that the majority of our target audience read the educational pamphlet, and did so with a certain measure of contemplation – an indication of their rational riders being influenced by facts such as the ability to prolong one’s life if early treatment for HIV is sought, the benefits of condom usage and where the HIV test can be taken. Due to the limited number of pamphlets printed thus far, we foresee that more will be needed for future outreach events. Thus, we propose to have part of the budget allocated for this purpose. 2. Printing of Taglines Encouraging Condom Usage on Condom Covers. Redesigning the box used to contain condoms for distribution. Our group conceived a series of short, catchy taglines to encourage condom use. Condom covers with these taglines could be produced and distributed during outreach events. The taglines conceived were meant to direct our audience’s emotional elephants by evoking positive feelings about condom use – by asserting that love making can be equally pleasurable even when condoms are worn. To further engage our audience’s emotional elephants, we propose that an effort be made to conceive suitably ‘hard’ messages evoking anxiety and fear by highlighting the risks of doing away with condoms. Some of these ‘hard’ taglines could put across the message an underestimation of the one’s chances of contracting HIV is a contributing factor leading to HIV infection. By focusing attention on this ‘black swan’ in HIV being closer to home than it is often thought to be, our target audience may be encouraged to use condoms. These ‘hard’ messages could then be similarly printed on condom covers and distributed during outreach events together with those having ‘soft’ taglines, thus producing a carrot and stick effect that could further improve our effort to encourage condom usage. Also, the boxes used to store condoms could be changed to make it less obvious that it contains condoms, as it currently is. The purpose of doing so would be to encourage the taking up of these condoms, as regardless of whether those approached are seeking paid sex or not, they may nonetheless avoid accepting the condoms altogether because they do not wish to be seen in public as having done so, as evidenced when approaching some members of the public. To overcome such reluctance, the condoms (with the taglines printed on their covers) could be packed into larger rectangular top opening boxes such as those containing sweets (like how the sweet Ricola is packaged), with plain messages such ‘specially for you’ as that would serve to mask the true contents of the package. 3. Associating Condom Use and Regular HIV Testing with Responsible Behaviour In addition to distributing condoms and educational pamphlets, we propose to utilise the behaviour changing effects of social identity promotion to encourage condom usage and regular HIV testing. Posters juxtaposing images of Chinese males, representing all adult age groups, with condom use messages and them going for regular HIV testing could be printed and put up at places where our target audience often congregate – lanes leading to coffee shops and eateries along Geylang. These posters would portray these males as being socially responsible. As most would not wish to be labelled as irresponsible, the effects of projecting such an image could serve to encourage condom use and regular HIV testing. This effort to create such a social identity could be made more effective if a greater number of older volunteers (over 40s) are involved in such outreach events. These older volunteers could serve as leading lights of their age group and potentially relate better with our target audience, since both could see each other as peers. As there is a lack of volunteers belonging to this age group, we propose that an effort be made to seek such volunteers. One way we could do so would be to seek volunteers from grassroots organisations such as community clubs and public housing residents committees (RCs), since these bodies consist of people with an existing spirit of volunteerism and mainly belong to this age group. Extending our Impact to another Target Group – Youths/Young Adults Why Youths/Young Adults? It can be reasonably inferred from statistical data that youths (below 20) and young adults (20-30) are either becoming more sexually active or engaging in riskier sexual behaviour. The number of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) amongst youths rocketed by 118% between 2000 and 2008, while that of young adults increased by 67% during the same period1. Given these societal trends, this group seems increasing vulnerable to contracting HIV. Thus, we propose to mount a HIV prevention effort targeted at this group through similar means such as the promotion of condom use, regular HIV testing and creating a social identity to promote responsible sexual behaviour. 1. Going to Where Youths/Young Adults Are Instead of focusing on the Geylang red-light district, we propose establishing a presence at places where there’s a higher concentration of youths/young adults who are more likely to be sexually active and or engage in regrettable sexual behaviour. Some of these places would include entertainment nightspots such as clubs and pubs where the flow of alcohol and its adverse intoxicating effects are more keenly felt. 2. Distributing Educational Pamphlets and Condoms The content of the educational pamphlets targeted at the Chinese speaking Geylang crowd could be translated into English to cater to the younger set. The pamphlets could also include information, that would otherwise be absent in the Chinese-language version targeting the older crowd, directing our audience to social media sites (such as Facebook) where Action for Aids has a presence. We also propose modifying the taglines to be printed on condom covers, to appeal to the younger crowd. These taglines could include cheeky English language ones that the young can relate to. As with the Chinese speaking Geylang crowd, we propose to craft a social identity for the young who are sexually active, that would positively associate them with condom use and having regular HIV tests, by promoting their ‘clear’ HIV status as an asset. Assisting Action for Aids with the Implementation of a Mobile HIV Testing Van (MTV) Service Action for Aids (AFA) has plans to introduce a MTV service, to make HIV testing more convenient. Otherwise, AFA only has one test site at Kelantan Lane that may be out of the way. As the operational costs of such a van are high, and that the service will have to be chargeable, we propose committing part of our $1000 budget to subsidising these tests (the ones at AFA’s Anonymous Test Site cost $30) during the initial phase of the van’s operation, so as to allow the public to first acquaint themselves with the quality and safety of the service provided.

Learning’s in OJT Essay

All HRM Students have their OJT’s in different restaurants, we were assigned in Stad. We started on April 27, 2012. I together with Rhems Tugas, Andrea Sagmit, Kaydee Gracia, Jerica Sarondo. We were oriented but in the middle of last April. I started the OJT in Stad is quite enjoying but the staff are so funny because they elaborated some menu to teach us how to cook it. And we do it well; I was surprised on the proper ways of how to communicate to customers with smile. The things that I’m doing in Stad we have to greet the customer well and we said in the kitchen staff, they do it and ready to serve. Suppose the guest done we gave the receipt to the cashier have known how much the bill. And then chance to interact closely with new co-workers and get practical advice about doing the job. Many times, the person who will be doing the training and evaluation is the new worker’s supervisor or manager, so this also establishes job expectations from the very beginning. Read more: Learning Insights in OJT The feedback during on-the-job training is also immediate, so the new employee may experience faster growth in the job than he would in other types of training situations. My experience in Stad Restaurant as a Dine In really served as one of the most unforgettable experiences because I learned how to handle difficult situations and able to resolve it the way I knew how by practical application of common sense remembering the principles and theories I learned during my formal training in school. Personal experience shared by my mentors handling dissatisfied customers during my formal educational training helped me a lot during those hard times of my OJT. Indeed it is true that people are hard to please. Different guests have various need levels and definitions. Sometimes hard work does not guarantee customer satisfaction. Part of my unforgettable and challenging experience was when one of the guests complained that was unable to top up the coffee box and stock up towels in the room. The first order reacting to the situation was to listen to what the guest was saying, understanding that whatever and everything he uttered because he was unhappy on such given situation. After everything has been, an apology extended with an assurance and attention shall be looked into to all of his needs. The brief awful encounter which almost put me in tears, feeling alone in country,being scolded by a stranger,the hard wrk in between unavoidable skipping meals just to finish the tasks given to me. Instead of giving up, it served as an inspiration to well on my OJT. Learning’s in ojt2.

Policy Analysis on Dementia Care

Abstract The policy ‘Improving Care for People with Dementia’ aims to increase diagnosis of dementia, improve health and care services in hospitals, care homes and communities, create dementia-friendly communities and widen research on dementia care. This brief aims to analyse only the aspect of improving health and care services in communities and the patients’ homes and relate this to the district nurse’s role of bringing care to the patient’s home and community. With an ageing population, the London Borough of Hackney, and the rest of the UK, is experiencing increased incidence of dementia. The costs associated with dementia care are approximately ?23bn annually in the UK. As a district nurse, this policy is important since it seeks to improve the care received by patients in community settings or their own homes. My caseload demonstrates a disproportionate number of patients suffering from dementia and the resources channelled to their care. Dementia is a chronic and complex condition and requires interventions from different health and social care professionals. However, informal carers bear most of the burden of caring. As a district nurse, I have to address the patients and the carers’ needs. Patients need to receive interventions to improve their nutrition, health and wellbeing. Carers need to receive training on how to feed their patients, ease their anxiety, regulate their sleeping habits or improve their mobility and independence. Meeting all these needs require additional training and collaboration between the district nurses and other health and social care professionals. The Department of Health and the Royal College of Nursing have a cknowledged the district nurses’ role in meeting the needs of patients with dementia in hospital settings. These nurses are tasked to prevent admission of patients and promote positive experiences for families during end of life care. However, the politics and economic context of this policy could all influence the care received by the patients. Ethics also play a role in delivery of care. The state’s apparent withdrawal of minimum service and delegating most of the task to home care could have ethical implications. Safeguards to quality care most commonly seen in wards or hospitals are missing in home care. This might do more harm for the patient than good. However, district nurses still have to weigh if choosing to provide care at home would be more beneficial for the patient or otherwise. Finally, this brief shows that community care for patients with dementia is possible if district nurse teams are dedicated and the workforce increased to respond to the increasing workload. Introduction The Department of Health Public Health Nursing (2013) has recognised that care for patients with long-term conditions often continue in their own communities and in the people’s homes. This type of care would require sustained relationships with district nurses (DN), who are responsible for managing the patient’s healthcare conditions. This brief aims to critically analyse the policy Improving Care for People with Dementia (Department of Health, 2013) and will relate this with the Department of Health Public Health Nursing’s (2013) Care in Local communities- District Nurse Vision and Model. The Department of Health Public Health Nursing (2013) has acknowledged that this new vision is a response to the growing needs of the ageing population in the UK. Specifically, it has recognised the growing incidence of dementia amongst the elderly population and this vision sets out the contribution of DNs and other healthcare teams in meeting the challenge of dementia. The first part of this brief justifies the choice of this policy and the focus on dementia care. A community in Hackney is chosen in this brief to represent my nursing caseloads of dementia. The second part discusses political, economic and philosophical context of the policy. The third part critically appraises the ethical and moral implications of this policy for practice. Policy on Dementia Care and the Community of Hackney With an ageing population, the London Borough of Hackney, like the rest of the UK, is faced with a rising incidence of the long-term conditions associated with old age (Office for National Statistics, 2013). According to the Alzheimer’s Research UK (2013), more than 820,000 elderly individuals are affected by dementia. The rate of dementia in Hackney is four times higher than that of the general population’s rate (Public Health England, 2013). In 2010, approximately 1,350 elderly people were living with dementia in Hackney (NHS, 2012). This policy aims to increase diagnosis rate, improve health and care services in hospitals, care homes, communities and homes, create dementia-friendly communities and widen research on dementia care. This brief will only focus on improving health and care services in communities and homes and relate these to the DNs role in providing care to patients in their own communities and homes. Implications of the Policy on Current Practice The policy on dementia care has an important implication in my practice as a district nurse. Providing holistic interventions to improve the quality of care in community settings require collaborative efforts of health and social care professionals (National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health, 2007). As a district nurse, I take the lead in provision of healthcare in community settings. On reflection, patients with dementia have complex needs that require collaborative care from nurses, physical and occupational therapists, dieticians, social care workers and other healthcare professionals. My role extends from planning care to coordinating care with other professionals. The King’s Fund (2012) explains that multidisciplinary teams are needed to provide quality care to patients. However, the quality of care could be affected if there are fewer nurses caring for patients. I observed that the number of registered nurses in my practice is declining. This observation is similar in a survey conducted by the Royal College of Nursing (2011), which reported that almost 70% of district nurse respondents claimed that registered nurses in their staff have dropped out. In my current caseload, a third of my patients in our team suffer from dementia. The incidence of dementia in Hackney is four times higher compared to the UK’s average (Public Health England, 2013). However, due to the nature of the condition, the care of this group of patients requires a disproportionate amount of time and resources. One of the duties of DNs in addressing the policy on dementia care is to ensure that carers also receive appropriate support. Carers have the right to h ave their needs assessed under the Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000 (UK Legislation, 2000). In my experience, CBT has been show to be effective not only in reducing anxiety in my patients but also depression in the carers. It has been shown that joining support groups has been associated with reduced incidence of depression (NICE, 2006). Implications of the Policy on Future Practice With the increasing focus on community care, there is a need to strengthen the district nurse workforce. Based on my experiences and observation, the quality of care could be compromised due to the decreasing number of DNs (Queen’s Nursing Institute, 2010). There is increased pressure to provide quality care at the least cost and with reduced number of nurses (Queen’s Nursing Institute, 2010). Establishing a therapeutic relationship is difficult when the continuous decline of healthcare workforce in the community is not addressed. Sheehan et al. (2009) argue that a positive relationship between healthcare professionals and the patient is needed in order to make healthcare decisions that would dictate the future of the patient. Based on these observations, the policy on dementia care would require additional workforce of registered nurses who would be willing to work in community settings. At present, the issue of sustainability of the DN workforce in meeting the present and future demands of elderly patients has been raised (Royal College of Nursing, 2013, 2011). Unless the issue of reduced workforce is not addressed, meeting the demands of the dementia policy would continue to be difficult. The policy would also require additional education and training for nurses. The Royal College of Nursing (2013) has acknowledged that the present DN workforce is highly qualified. Many have met the qualifications of nurse prescriber or district nurse while the rest of the staff either have completed qualifications for nursing first or second level registration or at least hold a nursing degree. However, the Royal College of Nursing (2013) also notes that the workforce number is still low. A small workforce could not adequately meet these needs. Further, the ageing population in the UK would mean that the NHS would continue to see a rise in the incidence of dementia in the succeeding years. The issue of recording performance data is also raised with the recent policy on dementia care. This would be a challenge since a community or a home does not present any safeguards commonly found in a controlled environment such as wards in hospital settings (Royal College of Nursing, 2013). There is also a need for DNs to be trained on how to give education and training to caregivers. In a systematic review conducted by Zabalegui et al. (2014), suggest that the quality of care of patients with dementia living at home could be improved if caregivers receive sufficient education and training from healthcare providers. Political, Economic and Philosophical Context The Alzheimer’s society (2014) states that in the UK, approximately ?23 billion is spent annually to manage patients with dementia. However, the same organisation is quick to observe that a large portion of this cost is borne by carers of the patient rather than social care services or the NHS. To date, there is only one study (Alzheimer’s UK, 2007) that investigated the cost of managing patients with dementia in community settings. The report shows that in 2007, the cost of managing one patient with mild dementia within one year in a community setting amounts to ?14, 540. For an individual with moderate dementia, the annual cost is ?20,355. This increases to ?28,527 for a patient with severe dementia. If a patient is sent to a care home, the annual cost of managing the condition amounts to ?31,263. It should be noted that all these costs were calculated almost 7 years ago. The individual cost of treatment is now higher. The same survey also shows that majority of the costs of dementia care is channelled to the carers. However, these costs do not account for the informal carers. Alzheimer’s UK (2007) estimates that the number of hours informal carers devote to caring run up to 1.5bn hours each year. This translates to ?12bn in cost, which is higher than the combined health and social care cost for dementia. Patients with severe dementia living in their homes or communities need at least 46 hours of paid carer support within a week (Alzheimer’s UK, 2007). However, the changing dynamics of families, with children living far from their parents or loss of spouse due to divorce or death could limit the pool of family carers. This issue could all influence the impact of the service provided by informal carers of dementia. The ageing population of the UK (Office for National Statistics, 2013) could further drive up the cost of caring for patients with dementia. The policy on dementia care increasingly depends on homes and communities to support the care of patients with dementia. Since many informal carers manage patients with dementia, the burden of caring is now channelled to the patient’s family. The main stakeholders then for this policy include informal carers, patients, DN staff and multidisciplinary team. This increasing reliance on home care and management could even be viewed as a strategy of the NHS to reduce the cost of caring for patients with dementia. There is also a concern on whether the quality of care is maintained at home, especially with fewer DNs supervising the care at home. Apart from the economic cost, politics could also influence DN practice. As with other policies, the policy on dementia (Department of Health, 2013) bring care close to home and care at home. These gradual changes are projected to empower patients, lower costs of healthcare while empowering communities to take care of their own health (Department of Health, 2013). The withdrawal of the state in providing minimum services for patients with dementia in favour of care at home should be evaluated on whether this would cause harm to the patient. If care at home would be possible with supportive carers, my role as a DN would focus on coordinating care with other healthcare professionals. However, if the patient does not receive sufficient support, the Mental Health Act 2007 (UK Legislation, 2007) mandates the appointment of a carer for the patient. The consequences of the political context of moving care closer to home for patients with dementia would be felt in the succeeding years. On re flection, making this policy work would require DNs to provide adequate support to the informal carers. The philosophical underpinning of this policy focuses on tackling health inequalities. Social determinants of health (NHS, 2012) have long known to influence the health outcomes of many individuals. In the London Borough of Hackney, incidence of dementia is higher amongst the older black elderly compared to the general white population (Office for National Statistics, 2013; Public Health England, 2013). Yaffe et al. (2013) argue that genetics do not account entirely on the disparity of incidence between black and white older populations in the UK. Instead, Yaffe et al. (2013) maintain that socioeconomic differences appear to have a greater influence on the higher incidence of dementia amongst black older people. Related risk factors for dementia such as poorer health, less education and literacy are higher in the black elderly and might account for the variation in dementia incidence. A number of earlier studies (Haas et al., 2012; Thorpe et al., 2011) have pointed out the relationsh ip between socioeconomic status and cognitive outcomes. The dementia policy not only brings care closer to home but also addresses socio-economic disparities of patients with dementia by allowing DNs to provide care in home settings. However, this is still challenging since carers and family members would provide care on a daily basis. The limited financial capacities of families with lower socio-economic status could have an effect on the nutritional status and physical health of the patients (Adelman et al., 2009). It has been stressed that poor nutrition and health could increase the risk of cognitive decline (Adelman et al., 2011). Ethical and Moral Implications of the Dementia Policy for Practice Approaches to ethics include the Deontological approach, Justice, Virtue and Consequentialism. Fry (2010) explain that in deontology, individuals should perform an action because it is their duty to do so regardless of the consequences of the action. The Dementia Policy in the UK is underpinned by ethical approaches. Using deontology, it is moral for nurses and carers to provide care for patients with dementia. In rule-deontology, decisions regarding the care of patients become moral when these follow the rules. Fry (2010) emphasise that the actions of individuals following deontology is usually predictable since it follows set of rules. A second approach to ethics called the Results of Actions (Fry, 2010) is opposite to deontology. In this ethics approach, an action becomes moral when its consequences produce more advantages for the patient than disadvantages. The third approach to ethics or the virtue approach states that there is an ideal that should be pursued by individuals in order to develop their full potential (Jackson, 2013). This approach is more encompassing than the deontological approach since it seeks to make a person moral by acquiring virtues. A review of the policy reveals that the virtue approach is followed since it seeks to provide holistic care to the patients. The policy emphasises providing psychological, social and emotional support not only to patients but also to their carers. Meanwhile, Beauchamp and Childress (2001) have set out four principles of ethics. These are autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence and justice. The Nursing and Midwifery Council’s (NMC, 2008) code of conduct has stressed that patient autonomy should always be observed in all healthcare settings. A review of the dementia policy reveals that allowing patient’s to be cared in their home settings would likely increase patient autonomy. Patients in the early stages of dementia or those with moderate forms of the condition could experience cognitive impairments but still have the capacity to decide for themselves (Department of Health, 2009). The Mental Capacity Act 2005 (UK Legislation, 2005) states that only when patients suffer significant cognitive impairments should representatives of the patients be allowed to make decisions in behalf of the patient. Since the policy focuses on patient-centred care even in home settings, patients or their family members are allowed to decide on the best treatment or management for the patients. District nurses are encouraged in the policy to always seek for the patient’s interest. The emphasis of the policy on allowing patients to decide about their care is consistent with the ethical principle of autonomy. It is also important that nurses should first do no harm to the patients as embodied in the ethics principle of non-maleficence (Beauchamp and Childress, 2001). The policy supports this principle since DNs are available to provide support and lead the care of patients in home settings. However, there are several barriers in implementing the full policy. Although the policy specifies that DNs should rally the support of patients in home settings, there is the growing concern that the standards of care seen in hospital settings might not be transferred in home settings (King’s Fund, 2012). For instance, DNs could not regularly supervise carers on a daily basis on how they provide care to individuals with dementia. These patients need to receive sufficient nutrition, engage in exercises that increase their mobility or regularly receive pharmacologic medications for their conditions (Casartelli et al., 2013; Hopper et al., 2013; Cole, 2012; Bryon et al., 2012). It would be difficu lt to determine on a regular basis if all these tasks are carried out according to standards if patients are cared in their own homes. In a recent King’s Fund (2013) report, the quality of care received by patients from their nurses is highlighted. This report observes that not all nurses are compassionate to their patients and often, basic care such as feeding or giving water to the patients are often neglected. While this report was based on a study in only one hospital setting, the results are important since it showed that basic care might not be observed. In contrast, DNs would only visit the patients in their homes and would not be around to provide long hours of care. If patients receive poor quality care, this could result to poorer health outcomes and faster deterioration of the patient. The ethics principle of non-maleficence might not be observed if the volume of DN staff in the community remains low. There has been an association of high volume of work and low staffing amongst nurses with poor quality care (King’s Fund, 2013, 2012). The policy also observes the principle of beneficence since its primary outcome is to improve the quality of care received by older patients with dementia in their own homes. Although providing care in home settings would drastically reduce healthcare costs for dementia care, it is still unclear if this would benefit the family more. The cost of informal carers remains to be high, and yet is often discounted when approximating the cost of care for dementia (Alzheimer’s Society, 2014). This policy might put undue burden on families who lack the capacity to provide care for patients in advanced stages of dementia on a 24 hours basis (Alzheimer’s Society, 2014). Despite this observation, the policy is beneficial to patients with moderate dementia. A home setting might provide them with the stability and familiarity that is absent in hospital settings (Sheehan et al., 2009). It has been shown that when patients are admitted in hospital settings, they often manifest aggressi ve behaviour that is suggested to be a response to the changes in environment (Sheehan et al., 2009). The ethics principle of justice is also observed since the policy requires all patients, regardless of race or gender and socio-economic status, to receive equitable healthcare (Department of Health, 2013). On reflection, the moral implications of the policy might come into conflict with the state’s increasing reliance on informal carers or family members to provide care for patients with dementia. The issue lies on whether it is moral to delegate most of the care to informal carers who might also need additional support when caring for patients with progressive chronic conditions. The National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (2007) stress that informal carers also need support to help them manage depression, stress or burnout from providing care to patients who would never recover from their condition. While the NHS continue to practice innovation in delivering care, an evaluation on whether there are enough resources to implement the innovation should be made. Conclusion In conclusion, the recent policy on dementia in the UK sets the direction of care in community or home settings. District nurses are in the position of following this direction since they lead patient care at home and in the community. However, this brief highlights some issues that should be addressed. These include the decreasing workforce of DN and their staff and their need for additional training and education. The political and economic context influencing the dementia policy should also be taken into account. Finally, this brief illustrates the role of DNs in providing quality care to patients in community and home settings. They could lobby for the patient’s rights and coordinate collaborative care between healthcare professionals and those involved in social care. References Adelman, S., Blanchard, M., Rait, G., Leavey, G. & Livingston, G. (2011). ‘Prevalence of dementia in African-Carribean compared with UK-born white older people: two-stage cross-sectional study’, British Journal of Psychiatry, 199, pp. 119-125. Adelman, S., Blanchard, M. & Livingston, G. (2009). ‘A systematic review of the prevalence and covariates of dementia or relative cognitive impairment in the older African-Carribean population in Britain’, International Journal of Geriatric and Psychiatry, 24, pp. 657-665. Alzheimer’s Society (2014). Financial cost of Dementia [Online]. Available from: http://www.alzheimers.org.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?documentID=418 (Accessed: 12th March, 2014). 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London: The British Psychological Society and Gaskell and Social Care Institute for Excellence and NICE. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2006). Dementia: Supporting people with dementia and their carers in health and social care. London: NICE. National Health Service (NHS) (2012). Health and Wellbeing Profile 2011/12. London: City and Hackney and NHS East London and the City. Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2008). The Code: Standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives. London: NMC. Office for National Statistics (2013). Ageing in the UK Datasets [Online]. Available from: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/hub/population/ageing/older-people (Accessed: 19th February, 2014). Public Health England (2013). Hackney: Health Profile 2013. London: Public Health England [Online]. Available from: www.healthprofile.info (Accessed: 12th March, 2014). Queen’s Nursing Institute (2010). District nurse is becoming an endangered species (press release, issued 26 March 2010), London: QNI [Online]. Available from: www.qni.org.uk (Accessed: 12th March, 2014). Royal College of Nursing (2013). District Nursing- harnessing the potential: The RCN’s UK Position on district nursing. London: RCN [Online]. Available from: www.rcn.org.uk/publications (Accessed: 12th March, 2014). Royal College of Nursing (2011). The Community nursing workforce in England, London: RCN [Online]. Available from: www.rcn.org.uk/publications (Accessed: 12th March, 2014). Sheehan, B., Stinton, C. & Mitchell, K. (2009) ‘The care of people with dementia in general hospital’, The Journal of Quality Research in Dementia, Issue 8 [Online]. Available from: http://www.alzheimers.org.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?documentID=1094&pageNumber=5 (Accessed: 12th March, 2014). Thorpe, R., Koster, A., Kritchevsky, S., Newman, A., Harris, T., Ayonayon, H., Perry, S., Rooks, R. & Simonsick, E. (2011). ‘Race, socioeconomic resources, and late-life mobility and decline: findings from the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study’, Journal of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 66(10), pp. 1114-11123. UK Legislation (2007). Mental Health Act 2007 [Online]. Available from: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2007/12/contents (Accessed: 12th March, 2014). UK Legislation (2005). Mental Capacity Act 2005 [Online]. Available from: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2005/9/contents (Accessed: 12th March, 2014). UK Legislation (2000). Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000. [Online]. Available from: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/16/notes/contents (Accessed: 12th March, 2014). Yaffe, K., Falvey, C., Harris, T., Newman, A., Satterfield, S., Koster, A., Ayonayon, H. & Simonsick, E. (2013). ‘Effect of socioeconomic disparities on incidence of dementia among biracial older adults: prospective study’, British Medical Journal, 347: f7051 [Online]. Available at: http://www.bmj.com/content/347/bmj.f7051 (Accessed: 22nd March, 2014). Zabalegui, A., Hamers, J., Karrison, S., Leino-Kilpi, H., Renom-Guiteras, A., Saks, K., Soto, M., Sutcliffe, C. & Cabrera, E. (2014). ‘Best practices interventions to improve quality of care of people with dementia living at home’, Patient Education and Counseling, pii: S0738-3991(14)00044-5. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2014.01.009 [Online]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24525223 (Accessed: 12th March, 2014).

Financial Assistance for a Struggling Student Essay

Financial Assistance for a Struggling Student - Essay Example It is a part of the five year plan to cut $39.7 billion in total from the $71.5 billion student-aid programs. The first impact of the bill being applicable from 1st July, a student borrowing loan after 1st July will be offered rates of 6.8 percent compared to 1.5-2.5 percent rates they enjoyed and have raised questions among the students such as, " Who is responsible" , "How I am going to pay these loans", "Why me" etc. Teneya Morman a junior majoring in MARKETING from N. C. Central when interview said, "I'm a junior in school but after my senior year my education will be more expensive because of the changes in the financial arena. I may not be able to attend. This change will be negative because it will make students not focus on their grades but on money that has to be paid back for my education. It will have a negative affect on the black community because we are the people who don't have the funds to pay." Another graduate student in Computer Information Systems Donnell Williams says, "Graduate school is a sacrifice for many students. They have to be willing to either foot the bill or work hard to secure financial resources. In other words, it is really unfortunate as graduate school becomes more of a gateway to satisfiable employment and career options, now this is another obstacle."

Democracy and Socialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Uht Milk Essay Example for Free

Uht Milk Essay I, the undersigned, hereby declare that the project report entitled â€Å"To study and analyse the consumer behavior of Ultra heated milk across Tamil Nadu† written and submitted by me to University of Pune, in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of Masters of Marekting Management under the guidance pf Prof. A. Ramakumar. This is my original work and the conclusions drawn therein are based on the material collected by myself. Place: Pune Date:Aruna Sampath Kumar CERTIFICATE This is to certify that project titled â€Å"To study and analyse the consumer behavior of Ultra heated milk across Tamil Nadu† at Cavin Kare Pvt. Ltd is a bonafide work carried out by Miss. Aruna Sampath Kumar, 2nd year MMM student of Sinhgad Institute of Management, Vadgoan, Pune in partial fulfillment of MMM degree of Univeristy of Pune. She has worked under our guidance and direction. Signature of DirectorSignature of Project Guide Dr. Daniel PenkarProf. A. Ramakumar Date:Date: Place: PunePlace: Pune ACKNOWLEGDEMENT I take this opportunity as privilege to express my deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Daniel Penkar – Director, Dr. Rupali Jain- Jt. Director and Dr. Shivaji U Gawade- Head Research, Sinhgad Institute of Management, Pune for their continous encouragement, invaluable guidance and help for Completing the present research at work. They have been a source of Inspiration to me and I am indebted to them for initiating me in the field of research. I am deeply indebted to Prof. A. Ramakumar, my project guide, Singhad Institute of Management , Pune, without his help completion of the project was highly impossible. I take this opportunity as a privilege to articulate my deep sense of gratefulness to Mr. Aldrin Joseph-Marketing Manager of Cavin Kare. Pvt. Ltd. Their encouragement and valuable guidance are gratefully acknowledged, I would also like to thank Mrs. Jessima Yasmin-Product Manager, for guiding and supporting me throughout my project. I would like to acknowledge all my family members and friends for their help and support. Lastly, I convey my gratitude to all those who directly or indirectly related to this project and helped me to complete this project report. Thanks and regards, Aruna Sampath Kumar INDEX Chapter No| Contents| Page No| *| Executive Summary| | 1| Introduction| | | 1. 1 Introduction| | | 1. 2 Objective of the Study| |. | 1. 3 Scope of Project| | | 1. 4 Limitations of Project| | 2| Conceptual Background| | 3| Profile of Organisation| | | 3. 1 Corporate Profile: Cavin Kare Group| | | 3. 2 Partnerships| | | 3. 3 Various Brands under Cavin Kare| | | 3. 4 Cavin Kare Diary Division| | 4| Research Methodology | | | 4. 1 Source Method of data collection| | | 4. 2 Method of data collection| | | 4. 3 Sampling Design | | 5| Data Presentation, Analysis Interpretation| | 6| Findings, Suggestions and Conclusions| | | 6. 1 Findings| | | 6. 2 Suggestions| | | 6. 3 Conclusion| | *| Bibliography| | *| Annexure| |. Executive Summary The project involved working with the core Marketing Department of the company, and worked as part of the marketing team that is looking at launching the Ultra Heated Milk (UHT milk) also known as tetra pack milk in TAMIL NADU. Initially, we had to understand the various players in the market, the marketing strategies and also the various pricing along with packaging techniques used by the players such as Nestle, Amul, Vijaya, Britannia, etc. We tried to analyse the gold standard of milk according to the respondents and what aspect do they value the most in their daily cup of milk. The project involved in Idea conception, product development, firming up communications, reflecting the same with external agencies that include the IMRB and media agencies such as Ogilvy and Mathew During the project, I have independently conducted and provided findings and recommendations through a qualitative research covering more than 50 respondents, via primary data collection method such as questionnaire and personal interview. The respondents were of various stratums such as double income no kids, house-wives, bachelors, students and health conscious individuals. The later stage of project involved conducting 5 In-depth interviews amongst UHT users, who were asked questions in detail about various parameters and characteristics they would look in a new player within the niche market of UHT. A focus group interview with more than four respondents about their experience with using UHT milk and comparing it with non-UHT milk users were conducted. The project involved understanding the reasons for using UHT milk and the awareness level amongst UHT milk users, and the price sensitive index in the UHT industry. Also, key reasons for respondents keeping away from daily consumption of UHT milk. The findings gave brief highlights that in the current scenario, according to respondents the UHT milk is used or preferred as a contingency product, or during crisis situation. The important factors which respondents or consumers consider while buying UHT milk. Few factors such as price matters the most during the purchase of UHT. Secondly, the longer shelf life and easy availability are next important consideration parameters in purchase of UHT milk. The secondary data for the project was collected through journals, magazines and internet research. However, being a niche market, the secondary data availability was comparatively less. The project involved a complete exposure to milk industry and fast moving goods industry where detailed concept building was structured. During the conduct and completion of the project, certain limitations have been also encountered. The same have been mentioned below. We have also suggested some recommendations in order to reduce the limitations encountered. Chapter 1: Introduction. 1:1 Introduction The project involves a detailed understanding of consumer perceptions and the key factors affecting the consumption pattern of consumers. Consumer Research is the systematic collection and analysis of consumer information for the purpose of important decision making in marketing. Consumer Research plays an important role in marketing process, helps in consumer measurement, market potential, sales forecast, each element like product mix, distribution mix, price effectiveness of an advertisement campaign or consumer acceptance of a product. The above mentioned factors have been take into consideration while formulating the questionnaire for the research project. Cavin Kare. Pvt . Ltd is rolling into the markets of Tamilnadu with new milk variants(toned milk, double toned, standardized, low fat) flavoured milk and curd. The conclusions of this project will help the company to introduce the Tetra pack milk, which is made after an ultra heated temperature, where there in no bacteria and the shelf life of the milk is very high of approximately 180 days. 1:2 Objectives of the study. * To understand the general perceptions of the milk consuming population about UHT milk. * To study the consumption pattern of UHT milk. * To broadly, understand the key reasons for minimal consumption of UHT milk. * To do the competitive analysis of UHT milk production in Tamil Nadu. 1:3 Scope of Project * The project being a qualitative and quantitative in nature gives a wide scope to the research for significant findings and conclusions. * With the recognition of consumer perceptions and consumer behaviour for Ultra Heated milk, the scope and practical application of the project has been considerably widened. * The insights from the project can be used for new product development for the company i. e. the tetra pack milk, or the UHT milk, as the stage in a new development process- the concept development and consumer testing is already conducted during the research process. * The findings and conclusions of the project give emphasis on various parameters which influence the consumer behavior such as cultural factor, social factor and personal factors. * A Survey Research, which is used in the project, is a communication approach, which involves questioning respondents and recording their responses. It is the most versatile approach for the collection of abstract information of all types. * It offers an economical and efficient means of learning opinions and attitudes, intentions and expectations of respondents * Interpretation of question by the respondent can greatly vary the responses. 1:4 Limitations of Project * Research was conducted in certain parts of Tamilnadu and the respondents have given a voluntary response. * Certain limitations has been encountered while doing the project due to which information collected and conclusion that was arrived on it were as follows: 1. Due to the stiffness in time, very less chance of interaction with a huge number of Ultra Heated milk consumers were possible. 2. The data collected were according to the convenience of the respondents and the major hurdle was time management. 3. Some cases respondents were also not willing to give answers of few questions which were open ended questions. 4. The two month research process was comparatively less for studying the entire consumer behaviour of the Ultra Heated milk. Chapter 2: Conceptual Background About the Milk and Milk Product Industry: India is the largest producer of milk in the world with an estimated production of 91mn tons in FY03. The industry has maintained a high growth of milk production of about 4-5% per annum in the last two decades, especially after Operation Flood. Food and Agricultural Organization has projected Asia and Latin America to be the focal points of milk production growth, primarily due to high consumption, low-costs and non subsidized exports. India also has an inherent advantage of being amidst major milk deficit countries in Asia and Africa. Major milk importing countries are Bangladesh, China, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Thailand. Major Players in the Industry: The packaged milk segment is dominated by the regional and national level dairy cooperatives. These dairy co-operatives collect milk from the various small-scale vendors, pack it and distribute it under their brand name. There are certain standards set and tests conducted before the milk is collected from the vendors. The milk is tested for its fat content, taste, color, odour, quality (organoleptic test), acidity and specific gravity (water content). The standard specific gravity for cow milk is 1. 0295. The largest player in the milk market is Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF) with its brand Amul that is a national level co-operative. The other National Co-operatives are Andhra Pradesh Milk Marketing Federation (APMMF) with its Vijaya brand, Karnataka Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation (KCMMF) with its Nandini brand and Aavin (UHT milk) in Tamil Nadu Co-operative Milk Federation Ltd. There are numerous regional dairy cooperatives with their local brands. Gokul, Varana in Maharashtra, Saras in Rajasthan and Verka in Punjab, are the prominent ones. There are a few private players such as J K Dairy, Heritage Foods, Indiana Dairy, Dairy Specialties, etc. A few MNC players have recently entered the market. Britannia attempted to foray into the fresh pouch milk market nationally, but has withdrawn from most markets after receiving a poor response. Nestle, Britannia and Amul have forayed into emerging segments such as Ultra Heated Treatment (UHT) and flavored milk. Ultra Heat Treated (UHT) milk is becoming popular and is estimated at Rs1. 5bn. Major players in the UHT milk market are cooperatives like Amul (GCMMF) and Vijaya (APMMF) and private players like Britannia and Nestle. National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) has also entered this market under its Mother Dairy brand. Another category of milk, which has a small market, is flavored milk (fat content of around 3%). The main brands in this category are GCMMF’s Amul Kool, Aarey’s Energee, Britannia’s Milkman and Nestle’s Fruit n Milk. Condensed milk is a popular ingredient used in homemade sweets and cakes. Nestles Milkmaid is the leading brand with more than 55% market share. The only other competitor is GCMMFs Amul. Total investment in the dairy sector between 1991-2002 was at Rs150bn, of which foreign investment was of Rs11bn. India’s total milk production is projected to grow to 108mn tons by end of 2007 as per Tenth Plan estimates. The market is estimated to touch Rs1,100bn in value terms by FY05. Product Profile: Ultra Heated Treatment (UHT) is a new product for Cavin Kare Pvt. Ltd. The company plans to launch the product is the mere future, after analyzing the consumer perception and purchase behavior steps. According David Louden, we can define Consumer Behaviour as processes a person goes through when purchasing and using Products and Services, including Mental and Social processes that precede and follow these actions. Consumer behaviour encompasses the behaviour that consumers display in searching for, purchasing, using, evaluating and disposing of products and services that they expect will satisfy their needs. It is a study of the decisions of individuals, groups and organizations to spend available resources on consumption related items. There are various roles played by a consumer: a) Initiator b) Influencer c) Buyer d) User The consumer buying decision process can be explained as follows: Need Recognition Pre- Purchase Information Search Evaluation of Alternatives Puchase Decision Post Purchase Behaviour Five Force Model for Ultra Heated Milk Sector The Ultra heated milk comes under the Diary Industry. While understanding the diary industry we can apply the Porter’s Five Force Model to the industry thereby relating it to the Buyers Power, Supplier’s power, Substitutes, New entrants and Degree of Rivalry. The dairy market will be analyzed taking manufacturers of packaged milk and dairy products as players, retailers as buyers, and raw milk producers (dairy farmers) as suppliers. The market has a three-level structure: small dairy farms form cooperatives, which are organized into 270 unions, and each state has its own federation of these unions. The food retail market in India remains fragmented, reducing buyer power, although the entry of large foreign chains is destined to increase buyer power going forward. Strong growth in the dairy market will encourage new entrants while easing competitive rivalry. Buyers Power The dairy market will be analyzed taking manufacturers/packagers of dairy products as players, and food retailers as buyers. Food and beverage retail is fragmented in India: the non-organized segment accounts for a significant share of its revenues, and independents and small supermarket chains are significant in the organized segment. Regulations make it difficult for large foreign retailers such as Wal-Mart to gain access to the retail market. In these circumstances, where market players have many small potential buyers, buyer power is weakened. It is difficult to differentiate staple foods such as milk and butter, although manufacturers can target end-users with their branding strategies, or develop more individuated, premium products, such as organic yoghurt, to defend against the power of buyers determined to make purchasing decisions on price alone. There is some forward integration: Amul, for example, plans to open retail outlets to sell its own dairy products. Dairy products are an important part of most consumers food and beverage purchasing, and food retailers are therefore strongly motivated to stock them; this weakens their buying power, assessed overall as strong. Suppliers Power For many dairy markets, the key input is milk, which manufacturers must buy from farmers. Dairy cooperatives, which typically integrate dairy farming, milk collection, processing, and packaging, are present in developed-economy markets (e. g. Campina in India); however, they have a much more prominent role in India. Almost 100,000 dairy cooperatives are organized into 170 producer unions, which are combined at state level into 15 cooperative milk marketing federations. Some of the latter have strong consumer brands for their milk and other dairy products, such as Amul. As the Indian market is dominated by these cooperatives, the suppliers of interest are still further upstream, and include manufacturers of cattle feed, milking machines, and packaging, and providers of services such as veterinary care and artificial insemination. The products involved are fairly commoditized, and there are a reasonable number of suppliers; also, the ability of cooperatives to purchase on behalf of their members (who may be very small-scale farmers) means that supplier power is correspondingly decreased. Overall, supplier power is moderate. New Entrants The dairy market can be entered by a new company starting up, by an existing company diversifying into dairy product production, or by a dairy products company established elsewhere beginning to sell in this market. Imports of dairy products are permitted, although tariffs are not negligible. Small-scale entry, perhaps as an artisanal producer of premium dairy products, does not require very large amounts of capital. However, for new entrants aiming to challenge the major players in the mass consumer market, entry barriers are higher. Scale economies in production will be important. Most dairy products are perishable, which means that reliable supply and distribution cold chains are vital to avoid the costs of wastage this can be a particular barrier to entry in India, with its combination of hot climate and often poor infrastructure. Leading dairy product players may have strong brands, aimed at retaining end-user loyalty, which means that new players will have a more difficult task to differentiate their own brands. Government regulations include laws on food safety, which increase compliance costs. Overall, there is a strong likelihood of new players in the dairy market. Substitutes From the consumers point of view, dairy products may be used directly as food or beverages, or ingredients for other home-made foods. There are a wide range of foods and drinks that can be used in similar ways to dairy products, so if dairy price rise too high, it is easy for consumers to replace them with alternatives. This reduces the pricing freedom of retailers and market players. Some of the alternatives may have advantages for retailers, such as cheaper storage or higher margins. The threat of substitutes is assessed here as strong, although dairy products are important parts of most peoples diet and are unlikely to becompletely replaced. Rivalry The market is fairly fragmented, with the three largest federations accounting for less than 50% of the total market revenues. This decreases rivalry. Furthermore, as dairy products are usually perishable, storage costs are high. Industrial production of dairy products requires substantial, specialized assets, and the need to sell these off when leaving the market translates into high exit costs. Overall, rivalry is moderate. However, as the cooperative federations dominate the market in their home states, retailers have less real choice of dairy product maker than elsewhere, which translates into high switching costs and reduces rivalry. Chapter 3: Profile of the Organization 3:1 Corporate Profile Success is a journey not a destination. Cavin kare began with a young mind choosing the road less taken. In 1983 with a single product, cavin kare started out as a small partnership firm Chik India. In the year 1990, it was promoted as beauty cosmetics pvt ltd and was later renamed as cavin kare pvt ltd CKPL in 1998. With nnovative entrepreneur C. K Ragnathan at the helm, Cavin Kare emerged into a successful enterprise. From an initial investment 15000 cavin kare is an organization INR 5,000 Mil, well known for its quality products and excellent practices. Smart Marketing and clear product positioning not only ensure Cavin Kare’s growth but also help the company broaden its product portfolio extensively. The company now markets 10 major brands such as Chik, Fairever, Nyle, Meera, Spinz,Indica,Ruchi, CHinni, Tex and Karthika. Over the years the company has achived significant milestones and competitive edge with sound understanding of mass marketing dynaimics. The company offers high quality personal care (Hair care, skin care, home care) and food products borne out of a keen understanding of consumer needs and keeping up company’s value of innovation and customer satisfaction. Today, Cavin Kare has established a firm food hold in the national market increasing its popularity in the international arena in the markets such as Sri Lanka Malaysia Bangladesh etc. Cavin Kare has touched a turnover of 5,000 Million INR in 2006-2007. The company has employee strength of 640 and is well known for its people practice. The company invests in People process development. It has all india networks of 1300 stockists catering to about 25 lakh outlets nationally. 3:2 Partnerships 1) Hemlatha Enterprises Pvt. Ltd (HEPL) The media function of the parent company was transformed into M/S Cavin Kare Advertising Pvt LTd. (CKPL) during the late 2000 in order to cater to the parent company, CKPL needs in terms of better media planning negotiations and buying. It also planned to pitch for other clients for other non mass media business so as to function as an independent advertising agency. It started functioning as an agency on records on 29 Sep 2000 to M/s CKPL. 2) Trends In vogue Pvt Ltd Trends in vogue pvt ltd a group company of CKPL came into being on July 2002 with a clear cut focus on providing personal styling and beauty solutions to everyone in the family. The company has pioneered the concept of Family Salons in India with its specialist brands- Lime Lite and Green Trends. With a team of professionals, highly qualified cosmetologists and hair care specialists from its in house institution- trends academy and with the skill base of the Cavin Kare R and D team, trends in vogue offers a range of cosmetics treatments including those made from Natural ingredients. Two major brands under Trends in Vogue: * Limelite * Green trends 3) Maa Fruits Pvt Ltd The company acquired Maa in February 2008 and post which the company is taking efforts in building efficient systems and processes. The plans include changes in packaging and concentrated efforts to build the brand. The brand is being aggressively marketed and distributed through CKPL’s sales network. 4) Cavin Kare Diary Division A new entrant into the line of business under the Cavin Kare Group, the CK diary division started with the acquisition of Prakash Diaries at Kanchipuram. Cavin’s Milk, as the brand is named, launched in Chennai on 13th January 2009. The diary division is currently in the process of vast and rapid expansion. Toned Milk Flavored Milk Full cream milk Standardized Milk Cavin’s Curd Double Tonned Milk Cavin Kare Pvt Ltd 3:3 Brands launched by Cavin Kare Pvt Ltd Chik Shampoo Brand History: Chick was first product to be launched by Cavin Kare in 1983 and it was responsible for popularizing the concept of sachets in the shampoo category. Today 71% of the volume of shampoo comes from sachets, largely due to the contribution of Chik. Chik was the first shampoo to launch a 50 paise sachet in 1999. It further accerlarated the growth of Chik, and it became the second largest shampoo brand in the country in the year 2001. The latest market share of CHik is 18%. The shampoo has launched a new variant of Chik Anti- Dandruff. Competition: The biggest competitor of Chick Shampoo is Clinic Plus, which also entered into the territory of Chik offering 50 paise and 1 rupee sachets in 2002. Target Audience: Chik Shampoo is targeted at Women 18-35 and rural audience. Fairever Brand History: Fairness is a proposition which Indians are obseesed. Till 1998 there was a only major player Fair and Lovely which was monopolizing the market with share of 95% (98% in rural), other players like Revlon Touch and Glow, Ponds Touch and Green, Freya, Fair Plus,Nivea Fairness cream for mass markets. The company then launched the product Fairever and communicated it to the target market as â€Å"Reason to Believe† of delivering fairness. The company converted a simple consumer insight into a proposition that made sense to the target audience. Over the ages consumers believed that ‘intake of saffron and milk by expected mothers helped them to deliver a fair baby. This simple insight was converted into a product proposition and that gave birth to the brand FAIREVER. Target Audience: The fairness cream customer is typically a female. The User is the catergory of B,C,D and the most common age to start using fairness cream is 13-15 years. The target age group is 14 to 35 years. USP of the brand: Get Natural in just 4 weeks. Competitors: Fair Lovely is a big competitor in the market. Other brands such as HLL, Emami, Godrej,Elder,Paras all try to share the same pie. Karthika Meera and Karthika together in Tamil Nadu make up to 90% of the category value while the rest is made up of unbranded players. Karthika’s positioning is to provide affordable hairwah solutions in the hair wash powder front. Meera Powder Using Shikakai for hair wash was a white spread practsie in the South India specially in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. The brand Meera was created based on that time tested tradional practice and was launched during 1990 in Tamil Nadu as abranded Shikakai powder. The primary target was on home made Shikakai users. Different variants like Amla, Hibiscus and brand extentions have been tried out over the years but Shikakai remains the top selling variant of the company. Competitors Information: The major competitors are Karthika, Tiger Shikakai and Samrat. Due to Meera’s premium product offering it sees a lot of traffic from premium shampoos like Sunsilk, Clinic Plus and Pantene as well. USP of the Brand: The brand benefit is on â€Å"Healthy hair for years† Target Audience: Female 18 to 35, SEC A, B,C Meera Shampoo The brand launched on June 2001 in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh markets. IT has healthy growth and is currently having 10% market share in AP as on August 2006. Competitors: The major competitors are Clinic Plus, Sunsilk and Pantene. USP: The brand is build on strong and heathy hair for years. Target audience: Female 18 to 35, SEC A, B,C Nyle SHampoo The brand was launched in 1993 in Tamil Nadu and reached market share of 8% in 1999 but has been declining since then. Nyle mainly sells in the north west and east and competes with Ayur, Vatika and SUnsilk shampoos. Target Audience: Female 18 to 35, SEC A, B,C Brand Proposition: Naturally nourishes and moisturizes for soft and shiny hair. Spinz Deo: Brand History Spinz deo comes with long lasting international fragrances sourced from the finest perfumery houses across the world. Consumer Profile: Female 15 to 28 years old. Female, Sec A and B users of Deodrants Urban and mostly college goers, women constantly on the move. Brand Ambassador Actress Genelia D’Souza ( an actress in Bollywood and Kollywood) Competitors The unorganized sector is as big as the organized one. The big players in organsied markets are Rexona, Axe, Eva, Fa, Denim, Nive and Dove. The unorganized sector consists of a lot of brands. Communication lines: â€Å"Enjoy Life nonstop† Spinz Talc Brand History The brand was launched in July 1999 in Andhra Pradesh and later in Tamil Nadu during late 1999. The brand has a good presence in Indian markets. It was relaunched later in 2002 and during this period the brand was extended across India. The brand again was relaunched in Feb 2004 for the second time with packaging upgradation and new theme commercial based on enjoyment platform. Target Audience: Female users of talc powder. In the age gropu of 15 to 35 years. Sec A and B Tex Tex is a brand in the segment of toilet cleaner product and was launched in the November 2005 in Tamil Nadu and achieved 10% market share within 3 months of its launch. Competitors: Harpic is the biggest competitor of the brand. Target audience: Housewives 25 to 45 Sec A B C Food related brands. Ruchi Pickles: The product concentrates on vegetarian pickes of ginger, mango, amla, garlic, etc. Consumer Profile: Unisex- Pickles are both consumer under male and female It is primarily consumed by people of age group 25- 50 years. Present in both urban and semi urban. Competitors: The major players are Mothers Recipe, Priya, MTR, Bedekars etc Chinni Masalas Product Variants- Turmeric powder, sambhar powder, chicken masala etc. Consumer Profile: Women in the age group 20 to 45. Present in both urban and semi urban Competitors: Various majors in South India such as Shakti Masala, Aachi Masala and MTR. In North Everest, Badshah and MDH. Chinni’s Pickles: Product: Vegetarian Pickles Variants: Lime, Mango, Tomato garlic in convenient sachets. Consumer Profiles: Unisex- pickles for both male and females. Primarily consumed in the age group of 15 to 50 years Present in Urban and Semi urban and Rural areas. Competitors: Low priced Pickle market is highly fragmented market with influence changing from district to district. Major players are Pandiyan, Kala, Selvan and Ravis. Chinnis Vermicili: Variants: Regular, Payasam Consumer Profile: Unisex, present in both urban and semi urban. Competitors: Bambina, MTR, True and Savourite. Chapter 4: Research Methodology 4:1 Source Method of data collection: For the purpose of this study, the research tool of the questionnaire was prepared to collect the relevant primary data pertaining to the customers buying behavior or general perceptions towards Ultra Heated Milk (UHT). The data collected was based on the random sampling of both UHT milk users and non UHT milk users. Besides, primary data was collected with the help of the questionnaire, the information was also collected through books, magazines, internet and newspapers. 4:2 Methods of data collection: The Primary Data Collection Method such as: * Survey Method * In-depth Interview Survey Method: In this method requisite information is collected through a questionnaire. To collect the information for this project we conducted with help of stratums. In-depth Interview: In this method the views of the customers were gathered on the basis of the questionnaire that was prepared on the feedback collected from the study. The Secondary Data collection method such as: * Magazines * Internet * Research by other players * Online research data * Reference Work 4:3 Sample Design: Sampling Plan: For the purpose of the survey, the information was gathered from various customers of both UHT users and Non users of UHT milk. Sampling Size: Survey Method: Questionnaire = 50 respondents The respondents were segmented into stratums such as:- * House wife * Bachelors * Local Working couples * Local DINKS â€Å"double income no kids† Expats * Students In-depth Interview = 4 respondents Selection of Sampling Unit: Non- probability, convenience sampling Sampling Media: Questionnaire and Personal interview Chapter 5: Data Presentations, Analysis and Interpretation. Table 1 : Comparitive Study of Major Players Brands | Products | Tetra Pack Size | Price | Shelf-Life | Nestle | Nestle Slim | 1 liter Packs | Rs 42 per liter | 120 days | | Nestle Nautral | 1 liter Packs | Rs 40 per liter | 120 days | Amul | Amul Taaza Double Toned Milk | 1 liter, 500 ml | Rs 36 per liter | 180 days | | Amul Lite Slim and Trim Milk | 1 liter, 500 ml, 200 ml | Rs 16 per 200ml | 180 days | Britania | Britannia Milk | 1 liter Pack | Rs. 40 | 120 days | | Slimz Milk | 1 liter pack | Rs 40 | 120 days | Aavin | Standardised Homogenious | 1liter, 500ml | Rs. 39 | 120 days | | Tetra Fino ( Delite) | 500ml | Rs. 18 | 60 days | Nandini | Good life | 500ml | Rs. 17 | 120days | Heritage Foods | Slim Milk | 1 liter | Rs. 38 | 120 days | New players in the markets are Mother Diary Vijaya, available only in Karnataka A. P Table Objective: To study the various SKU’s offered by the various players in the Tamil Nadu market for UHT milk. Table Interpretation: Although the market is niche, there are 6 players in the market who offer various SKU’s to the consumers. And likely there is a very probability for players who o.

Islamic, Ancient Egyptian, and Ancient Greek Art Essay Example for Free

Islamic, Ancient Egyptian, and Ancient Greek Art Essay Elisabeth Siddiqui has written: â€Å"Art is the mirror of a culture and its world view. There is no case to which this statement more directly applies than to the art of the Islamic world. † Seeing that Muslims are believers in only one true God of the universe, they have been advised by Prophet Muhammad not to make pictures of human beings, for these pictures may often turn out to become idols for people, thereby turning them away from the Lord of the universe. Hence, Islamic art has focused on anything other than the human form. Muslims have used Arabic calligraphy to express their creativity in countless art works. â€Å"Arabic script lends itself wonderfully to decorative use,† writes Siddiqui. It is the language of the Qur’an, even if it is used to write something other than the Qur’anic verse. The choices are limitless. Thus we find a beautiful piece of calligraphic art as an inscription on a carved wood panel from a door that was made in the late medieval Islamic period (See Appendix). The inscription on the panel consists of the signature of its maker. The script is monumental, with large and rounded proportions. The seven words of the inscription are deeply carved in three horizontal registers. These are set against a scrolling leaf background (Late Medieval Period, 2004). Contrary to the believers in the unseen God, the ancient Egyptians were Pharaoh worshippers. The king of ancient Egypt was the Pharaoh, who appeared larger than life in the art works of the period. Ti Hunting the Hippopotamus is a wonderful depiction of the subject (See Appendix). Carved on a surface of a stone, this is a relief using the typical ancient Egyptian style of frontalism, in which the head is drawn in profile while the body is seen from the front. In this ISLAMIC, ANCIENT EGYPTIAN, AND ANCIENT GREEK ART Page # 2 picture, Ti is enormous as compared to his slaves as well as the animals. He is the god of both slaves and animals, and is therefore shown as a higher being as compared to the lesser beings. The slaves in the picture are relaxed. So are the animals. Moreover, the animals shown are more realistic than all humans, perhaps because of the ambivalence felt by the artist toward both the â€Å"higher† and the â€Å"lower beings† within humans (Kremen, 1996). Lastly, the ancient Greeks, who also had plenty of gods and goddesses, downplayed the divine aspects of their gods, unlike the Egyptians, by giving their gods a typically human form. There did not have to be higher or lower beings in ancient Greek art. Instead, the most perfect of figures created were recognized as gods naturally. The ancient Greek civilization enjoyed the beauty of the human form, including the naked human form which was admired for its harmonious proportions. The Torso of Apollo is one of the most perfect examples of this art (See Appendix). Made in 2nd century AD, the torso of marble shows young Apollo, the Greek god of light, music, archery, healing, atonement, prophecy and flocks and herds. The figure was popular with both Greeks and ancient Romans. It is an unclothed manifestation of splendor and courage, only expected to be shown of Apollo, who wears a belt over one shoulder to which a quiver of arrows were attached at his back (Torso of Apollo). By showing the god as distinctly human, the artist inspires into viewers the spirit to take Apollo for a courageous model and turn into heroes themselves. Thus all art appears as a mirror of its culture and the worldview. References 1. Kremen, Lisa. (1996, December). â€Å"Understanding Egyptian Art. † Egyptian Art. Retrieved from http://www. bergen. org/AAST/Projects/Egypt/egyptian_art. html. (10 February 2007). 2. â€Å"Late Medieval Period. † (2004). Islamic Art. Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Retrieved from http://www. lacma. org/islamic_art/intro. htm. (10 February 2007). 3. Siddiqui, Elisabeth. â€Å"Islamic Art. † MSA. Retrieved from http://www.colostate. edu/orgs/MSA/index. html. (10 February 2007). 4. â€Å"Torso of Apollo. † DIA Galleries Ancient Art. Retrieved from http://www. dia. org/collections/Ancient/ancient. html. (10 February 2007). ISLAMIC, ANCIENT EGYPTIAN, AND ANCIENT GREEK ART Page # 4 Appendix Islamic Art Ancient Egyptian Art ISLAMIC, ANCIENT EGYPTIAN, AND ANCIENT GREEK ART Page # 5 Ancient Greek Art.

Light in Interior Architecture: Annotated Bibliography

Light in Interior Architecture: Annotated Bibliography Architecture and space are always defined by light. Architecture is the masterly, correct and magnificent play of masses brought together in the light and our eyes are made to see forms in light, said Le Corbusier. (Curtis, 1987) light become more important part of the interior architecture. Le Corbusier thinks the characteristic features of architectural spaces only come to life with light and there are no architecture spaces without light. Hence light is the way it is arranged gives an appreciation of the space and generates specific emotive and aesthetic responses. The architect, through the different forms of light, realizes an order that is a pure creation of peoples mind and the light affects our senses intensely. The light deep resonances to influence architecture and control space. It is undeniable that sometimes in a building environment, shape, color or light can be used as a theme element, that is, the creator wants to highlight a certain aspect of the information. And app reciation is indeed in this area has been clear and strong feelings. But despite this, the emphasis on one aspect does not mean that this factor can accomplish the creation of the whole atmosphere and that it must be used synthetically. Since we look at the architecture interior space changed, the modern architecture also starts to focus on the light. They use the artificial lighting as the main method to gives a new definition to space. Richard Kelly was one of the pioneers of this techniques Glass House was the significant artificial lighting works by Philip Johnson and Richard Kelly. At some transparent architecture, the biggest challenge is the clear glass which turns into a mirror at night and to reflecting the interior lighting. By illuminating the surrounding trees and minimizing the interior lighting has played a flow from the daytime into the night. In The Structure of light (Meden, 2011) Articles, it reflected his theory of lighting. That was a great influenced by the light effects found in nature. Nowadays his terminology is used to describe some conceptual background for numerous lighting solutions. In particular, his concept of distinct types of lighting: Focal glow and ambient luminescence. Focal glow is for Kelly a way to point out important elements and the Ambient luminescence is the background lighting that serves to perceive the environment in general. Use Artificial lighting to creating architecture space become central to our modern architecture and Kellys perspective is a valuable source of inspiration to use lighting to creating images of such iconic power. According to the traditional Japanese interpretation, architecture is always connected with nature. Further connections with nature are effected by the subtle transformations caused in part by delicate contrasts of light and shade. (Pare, 1996) So, Thus, you can clearly see the natural light performance in Andos architecture. In Japan, the Church of the Light was one of Tadao Andos signature Japanese architectural style work. The Church of the Light clearly pointed out that Andos personal architecture characteristic between nature and architecture, through the way in which light can define spaces is also can through the light to create new space perceptions equally. The Church of the Light was completed in 1999. The church of light focus on the cross. Andos to put the cross on the east facade allows for light to pour into space throughout the early morning and into the day. It has a dematerializing effect on the interior concrete walls transforming the dark volume and bring it from d arkness to light. Use the simple medium of creating a pure, unadorned space. The intersection of light and solid raises the temporal and spiritual cognition of audience. As a modern architecture, those minimalist structures use lots of factors of light into interior space. light is an important controlling factor in Andos architecture. Light is the original source and the wellspring of all the laws of nature, whether known to human science or not. In Kahns words, matter is extinguished light. When light ceases to be light it becomes matter. Silence tends to express something, and light creates it, gives It form. (Giurgola, 1979, p. 16) Another different contrast or form of light is the shadow to express the meaning of light. Louis I. Kahn in this regard also made great achievements and he believed that the dark shadow is a natural part of the light, Kahn never attempted a space for a formal effect with no light. For him, a rarely of light to show the level of darkness: A plan of a building should be read like a harmony of spaces in light. Even a space intended to be dark should have just enough light from some mysterious opening to tell us how dark it is. Each space must be defined by its structure and the character of its natural light. (Kahn, 1993, p. 36) Thus, the light as a source is often hidden behind louvers or secondary walls, thus concentrating attention on the effect of the light and not on its origin. Like the MIKVEH ISRAEL SYNAGOGUE, Louis I. Kahn works on the ceiling, the ceiling as a smooth and white surface, when the wall opening, it will cast starkly pronounced patterns of shadow and light o to this surface. It is the particular technique in his architectural forms. Material lives by light, Wrote Louis I. Kahn. You are spent light, the mountains are spent light, the trees are spent light, the atmosphere is spent light. All material is spent light. (Giurgola, 1979, p. 36) As for the performance of the texture of the material, but also with the help of the role of light. Such as the original band structure arranged together in the suns exposure, in addition to the structure itself, the three-dimensional sense of the obvious, but also for the wall or the ground shed a shadow, this change in the formation of a visual contrast, also stressed the rhythm of the building and the depth of space, often gives a clear, simple impression. le Corbusier use the site of Ronchamp to make the establish relationship between the light and materials. Corbusier wanted the space to be meditative and reflective in purpose.   The stark white walls add to this purist mentality that when the light enters the chapel there becomes this washed out, ethereal atmosphere.   The effect of the light evokes expressive and emotional qualities that create heightened sensations in tune with the religious activities. The walls of Ronchamp give the building its sculptural char acter and each wall becomes illuminated by these differing window frames, which in conjunction with the stark whitewashed walls gives the walls luminous qualities punctuated by a more intense direct light. Rather the light is what defines and gives meaning to the chapel experientially. References Curtis, W., 1987. Le Corbusier: nature and tradition. London: Arts Council of Great Britain. Meden, R., 2011. The Structure of light: Richard Kelly and the illumination of modern architecture. Richard Kelly and the illumination of modern architecture, 48(12), p. 2299. Pare, T. a. 1.-R., 1996. ando,tadao,1941-;ArchitectureJapanHistory20th century. London: Phaidon. Baek, J., 2009. Shintai and the Empty Cross: Tadao Andos Church of the Light. Architectural Theory Review, 01 04, pp. 55-70. Giurgola, R., 1979. Louis I. Kahn. 5th Spanish/English ed. ed. Barcelona: Editorial Gustavo Gili . Kahn, U. B. 1.-. L. I., 1993. Louis I. Kahn : Licht und Raum = light and space. Basel ; Boston: Birkhà ¤user Verlag.